Discussion: View Thread

  • 1.  Local stats on new firm formation?

    Posted 07-11-2008 15:44
    I'm looking for a simple way to measure entrepreneurial activity in a given US location (say a county or an MSA/SMSA). I am looking for a measure that is feasible and has face validity, understanding it will be imperfect.

    My thinking would be to take the ratio of new business establishments in a year and divide that by the number of existing establishments. However, on the census bureau QuickFacts (http://quickfacts.census.gov) I can get total establishments but not new ones.

    Clearly the IRS knows how many EIN's they issue in a given year, or new tax returns they get. (This might neglect unincorporated businesses, but perhaps that can't be helped).

    One possible source is LEEM (Longitudinal Establishment and Enterprise Microdata) by Acs and Armington mentioned by
    http://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/98-9.html
    http://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/99-18.html
    It does not appear to be in the databases available at http://www.ces.census.gov

    However, I did not see it (or anything similar) mentioned in the 2007 Kauffman Foundation dataset confab or their main database page

    http://www.ssrn.com/link/2007-Kauffman.html
    http://research.kauffman.org/cwp/appmanager/research/researchDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=research_data

    Any other pointers, suggestions, ideas would be appreciated.

    Joel
    --
    Joel West http://www.JoelWest.org/
    Associate Professor, Innovation & Entrepreneurship
    College of Business, San Jose State University
    BT 555, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0070

    **************************************
    This message is from ENTREP which is sponsored by the Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management.

    Please do not post messages with attached files. Commercial messages or spammed messages are not allowed on the list. The use of auto-responder "out-of-office" messages may also lead to your removal from the list.

    You can manage your subscription options, including joining or leaving the list here:
    http://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=entrep&A=1

    If you have questions or need help, please contact Dr. John Bunch jbunch@benedictine.edu.

    Ventures HO!


  • 2.  Local stats on new firm formation?

    Posted 07-12-2008 19:53
    Many states publish an annual statistical abstract the lists new business starts by locality within counties or parishes. In Mississippi it is published by Mississippi State University's business school.
    --------------------------
    Sent from my BlackBerry Wireless Handheld. Please forgive misspellings and lost words.

    McRae C. Banks, PhD
    Department Head and Professor of Entrepreneurship & Strategy, and
    Director, Collaborative for Entrepreneurship & Innovation,
    Department of Management - The Business School at WPI
    Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI)
    215 Washburn Shops
    100 Institute Road
    Worcester MA 01609-2280
    P: 508.831.5218
    F: 508.831.5720
    E: macb@wpi.edu


    ----- Original Message -----
    From: Entrepreneurship Division Listserv <ENTREP@AOMLISTS.pace.edu>
    To: ENTREP@AOMLISTS.pace.edu <ENTREP@AOMLISTS.pace.edu>
    Sent: Fri Jul 11 15:43:45 2008
    Subject: [ENTREP] Local stats on new firm formation?

    I'm looking for a simple way to measure entrepreneurial activity in a given US location (say a county or an MSA/SMSA). I am looking for a measure that is feasible and has face validity, understanding it will be imperfect.

    My thinking would be to take the ratio of new business establishments in a year and divide that by the number of existing establishments. However, on the census bureau QuickFacts (http://quickfacts.census.gov) I can get total establishments but not new ones.

    Clearly the IRS knows how many EIN's they issue in a given year, or new tax returns they get. (This might neglect unincorporated businesses, but perhaps that can't be helped).

    One possible source is LEEM (Longitudinal Establishment and Enterprise Microdata) by Acs and Armington mentioned by
    http://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/98-9.html
    http://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/99-18.html
    It does not appear to be in the databases available at http://www.ces.census.gov

    However, I did not see it (or anything similar) mentioned in the 2007 Kauffman Foundation dataset confab or their main database page

    http://www.ssrn.com/link/2007-Kauffman.html
    http://research.kauffman.org/cwp/appmanager/research/researchDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=research_data

    Any other pointers, suggestions, ideas would be appreciated.

    Joel
    --
    Joel West http://www.JoelWest.org/
    Associate Professor, Innovation & Entrepreneurship
    College of Business, San Jose State University
    BT 555, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0070

    **************************************
    This message is from ENTREP which is sponsored by the Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management.

    Please do not post messages with attached files. Commercial messages or spammed messages are not allowed on the list. The use of auto-responder "out-of-office" messages may also lead to your removal from the list.

    You can manage your subscription options, including joining or leaving the list here:
    http://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=entrep&A=1

    If you have questions or need help, please contact Dr. John Bunch jbunch@benedictine.edu.

    Ventures HO!


  • 3.  Local stats on new firm formation?

    Posted 07-14-2008 10:30
    Hi Joel,

    Two items for you:

    First, you are welcome to the establishment birth data I obtained for my
    dissertation. The data are from the LEEM (aka BITS) file. It covers
    all US counties from 1990 to 2003 and includes single, multi, and total
    establishment births and deaths by four digit SIC or five digit NAICS.
    I'm working right now to update the data to the most recent year
    available from Census (2006). The easiest way to get the data is to
    contact Trey Cole at the Company Statistics Division at the Census
    Bureau and ask him to send you the tabulations he prepared for me. The
    cost should be minimal (Census charges for staff prep time, not the data
    -- all they have to do is burn a disk for you...I think).

    Second, I use single establishment births as a proxy for new firm
    start-ups. It's not perfect, but it's quite reasonable given the
    limitations of the Census data. Also, David Audretsch and Michael
    Fritsch have a series of papers on good measures of start-up rates. You
    have two choices -- dividing single establishment births by the number
    of existing establishments (as in Armington and Acs) or dividing by the
    number of workers in the labor force. The former is an "ecological"
    measure and the latter is the "labor force" measure. According to
    Michael Fritsch, the labor force method has greater explanatory power
    and is less biased for counties with very small numbers of business
    establishments (in these cases, the denominator is tiny).

    For more on all this, see my SBA working paper
    http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs316tot.pdf...

    See you in Anaheim,

    LP

    -----------------------------------------------------
    Larry Plummer, PhD
    Assistant Professor of Management
    (Strategy and Entrepreneurship)
    Clemson University
    Department of Management
    101 Sirrine Hall
    Clemson, SC 29634
    864-656-3763 Tel
    864-656-2015 Fax
    lplumme@clemson.edu
    -----------------------------------------------------





    -----Original Message-----
    From: Entrepreneurship Division Listserv
    [mailto:ENTREP@AOMLISTS.pace.edu] On Behalf Of Joel West
    Sent: Friday, July 11, 2008 3:44 PM
    To: ENTREP@AOMLISTS.pace.edu
    Subject: [ENTREP] Local stats on new firm formation?

    I'm looking for a simple way to measure entrepreneurial activity in a
    given US location (say a county or an MSA/SMSA). I am looking for a
    measure that is feasible and has face validity, understanding it will be
    imperfect.

    My thinking would be to take the ratio of new business establishments in
    a year and divide that by the number of existing establishments.
    However, on the census bureau QuickFacts (http://quickfacts.census.gov)
    I can get total establishments but not new ones.

    Clearly the IRS knows how many EIN's they issue in a given year, or new
    tax returns they get. (This might neglect unincorporated businesses, but
    perhaps that can't be helped).

    One possible source is LEEM (Longitudinal Establishment and Enterprise
    Microdata) by Acs and Armington mentioned by
    http://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/98-9.html
    http://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/99-18.html
    It does not appear to be in the databases available at
    http://www.ces.census.gov

    However, I did not see it (or anything similar) mentioned in the 2007
    Kauffman Foundation dataset confab or their main database page

    http://www.ssrn.com/link/2007-Kauffman.html
    http://research.kauffman.org/cwp/appmanager/research/researchDesktop?_nf
    pb=true&_pageLabel=research_data

    Any other pointers, suggestions, ideas would be appreciated.

    Joel
    --
    Joel West http://www.JoelWest.org/
    Associate Professor, Innovation & Entrepreneurship
    College of Business, San Jose State University
    BT 555, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0070

    **************************************
    This message is from ENTREP which is sponsored by the Entrepreneurship
    Division of the Academy of Management.

    Please do not post messages with attached files. Commercial messages or
    spammed messages are not allowed on the list. The use of auto-responder
    "out-of-office" messages may also lead to your removal from the list.

    You can manage your subscription options, including joining or leaving
    the list here:
    http://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=entrep&A=1

    If you have questions or need help, please contact Dr. John Bunch
    jbunch@benedictine.edu.

    Ventures HO!

    **************************************
    This message is from ENTREP which is sponsored by the Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management.

    Please do not post messages with attached files. Commercial messages or spammed messages are not allowed on the list. The use of auto-responder "out-of-office" messages may also lead to your removal from the list.

    You can manage your subscription options, including joining or leaving the list here:
    http://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=entrep&A=1

    If you have questions or need help, please contact Dr. John Bunch jbunch@benedictine.edu.

    Ventures HO!


  • 4.  Local stats on new firm formation?

    Posted 07-14-2008 16:28
    An alternative to using business-level data is the Kauffman Index of
    Entrepreneurial Activity. MSA estimates are reported for the largest
    MSAs and state-level estimates for all states. The index captures
    the percent of individuals who start a business each month (i.e. a
    dynamic labor force measure), and includes estimates for 2007. It
    also includes all types of businesses (employer, non-employer,
    incorporated and unincorporated).

    http://www.kauffman.org/items.cfm?itemID=1037

    Rob Fairlie

    At 07:30 AM 7/14/2008, Larry Plummer wrote:
    >Hi Joel,
    >
    >Two items for you:
    >
    >First, you are welcome to the establishment birth data I obtained for my
    >dissertation. The data are from the LEEM (aka BITS) file. It covers
    >all US counties from 1990 to 2003 and includes single, multi, and total
    >establishment births and deaths by four digit SIC or five digit NAICS.
    >I'm working right now to update the data to the most recent year
    >available from Census (2006). The easiest way to get the data is to
    >contact Trey Cole at the Company Statistics Division at the Census
    >Bureau and ask him to send you the tabulations he prepared for me. The
    >cost should be minimal (Census charges for staff prep time, not the data
    >-- all they have to do is burn a disk for you...I think).
    >
    >Second, I use single establishment births as a proxy for new firm
    >start-ups. It's not perfect, but it's quite reasonable given the
    >limitations of the Census data. Also, David Audretsch and Michael
    >Fritsch have a series of papers on good measures of start-up rates. You
    >have two choices -- dividing single establishment births by the number
    >of existing establishments (as in Armington and Acs) or dividing by the
    >number of workers in the labor force. The former is an "ecological"
    >measure and the latter is the "labor force" measure. According to
    >Michael Fritsch, the labor force method has greater explanatory power
    >and is less biased for counties with very small numbers of business
    >establishments (in these cases, the denominator is tiny).
    >
    >For more on all this, see my SBA working paper
    >http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs316tot.pdf...
    >
    >See you in Anaheim,
    >
    >LP
    >
    >-----------------------------------------------------
    >Larry Plummer, PhD
    >Assistant Professor of Management
    >(Strategy and Entrepreneurship)
    >Clemson University
    >Department of Management
    >101 Sirrine Hall
    >Clemson, SC 29634
    >864-656-3763 Tel
    >864-656-2015 Fax
    >lplumme@clemson.edu
    >-----------------------------------------------------
    >
    >
    >
    >
    >
    >-----Original Message-----
    >From: Entrepreneurship Division Listserv
    >[mailto:ENTREP@AOMLISTS.pace.edu] On Behalf Of Joel West
    >Sent: Friday, July 11, 2008 3:44 PM
    >To: ENTREP@AOMLISTS.pace.edu
    >Subject: [ENTREP] Local stats on new firm formation?
    >
    >I'm looking for a simple way to measure entrepreneurial activity in a
    >given US location (say a county or an MSA/SMSA). I am looking for a
    >measure that is feasible and has face validity, understanding it will be
    >imperfect.
    >
    >My thinking would be to take the ratio of new business establishments in
    >a year and divide that by the number of existing establishments.
    >However, on the census bureau QuickFacts (http://quickfacts.census.gov)
    >I can get total establishments but not new ones.
    >
    >Clearly the IRS knows how many EIN's they issue in a given year, or new
    >tax returns they get. (This might neglect unincorporated businesses, but
    >perhaps that can't be helped).
    >
    >One possible source is LEEM (Longitudinal Establishment and Enterprise
    >Microdata) by Acs and Armington mentioned by
    > http://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/98-9.html
    > http://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/99-18.html
    >It does not appear to be in the databases available at
    >http://www.ces.census.gov
    >
    >However, I did not see it (or anything similar) mentioned in the 2007
    >Kauffman Foundation dataset confab or their main database page
    >
    > http://www.ssrn.com/link/2007-Kauffman.html
    >http://research.kauffman.org/cwp/appmanager/research/researchDesktop?_nf
    >pb=true&_pageLabel=research_data
    >
    >Any other pointers, suggestions, ideas would be appreciated.
    >
    >Joel
    >--
    >Joel West http://www.JoelWest.org/
    >Associate Professor, Innovation & Entrepreneurship
    >College of Business, San Jose State University
    >BT 555, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0070
    >
    >**************************************
    >This message is from ENTREP which is sponsored by the Entrepreneurship
    >Division of the Academy of Management.
    >
    >Please do not post messages with attached files. Commercial messages or
    >spammed messages are not allowed on the list. The use of auto-responder
    >"out-of-office" messages may also lead to your removal from the list.
    >
    >You can manage your subscription options, including joining or leaving
    >the list here:
    >http://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=entrep&A=1
    >
    >If you have questions or need help, please contact Dr. John Bunch
    >jbunch@benedictine.edu.
    >
    >Ventures HO!
    >
    >**************************************
    >This message is from ENTREP which is sponsored by the
    >Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management.
    >
    >Please do not post messages with attached files. Commercial messages
    >or spammed messages are not allowed on the list. The use of
    >auto-responder "out-of-office" messages may also lead to your
    >removal from the list.
    >
    >You can manage your subscription options, including joining or
    >leaving the list here:
    >http://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=entrep&A=1
    >
    >If you have questions or need help, please contact Dr. John
    >Bunch jbunch@benedictine.edu.
    >
    >Ventures HO!

    Robert Fairlie
    Professor of Economics and
    Director of M.S. Program in Applied Economics and Finance
    Department of Economics
    Engineering 2 Building
    University of California
    Santa Cruz, CA 95064
    office: 831-459-3332
    fax: 831-459-5077

    http://people.ucsc.edu/~rfairlie/

    **************************************
    This message is from ENTREP which is sponsored by the Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management.

    Please do not post messages with attached files. Commercial messages or spammed messages are not allowed on the list. The use of auto-responder "out-of-office" messages may also lead to your removal from the list.

    You can manage your subscription options, including joining or leaving the list here:
    http://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=entrep&A=1

    If you have questions or need help, please contact Dr. John Bunch jbunch@benedictine.edu.

    Ventures HO!


  • 5.  Local stats on new firm formation?

    Posted 07-17-2008 10:41

    Hello Joel,

    Along with the valuable suggestions you've received, to date, you may want to also look at this source.  http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/data.html#st

    The announcement for it just came across the network this morning (see below).  Although it only has data through 2004-2005, perhaps it could be of some use.

    Good luck.

    Franz Lohrke

    +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    Franz T. Lohrke
    Chair, Department of Entrepreneurship, Management & Marketing

    2008-2009 Brock School of Business Advisory Board Research Fellow
    Brock School of Business
    Samford University
    800 Lakeshore Drive
    Birmingham, AL 35229
    Office: (205) 726-2373
    Fax:    (205) 726-2464
     http://www.samford.edu/~ftlohrke

    +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

    ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    -----Original Message-----
    From: Office of Advocacy, Small Business Administration [mailto:advocacy@SBA.GOV]
    Sent: Thursday, July 17, 2008 8:21 AM
    To: ADVOCACYRESEARCH@newganges.sba.gov
    Subject: New Birth, Death, and Employment Firm Size Data

    Advocacy funded, U.S. Census Bureau Statistics of U.S. Businesses dynamic data has been updated to 2005.  The data contains firm/establishment births, deaths, and related employment creation and destruction data by firm size, industry, and geographic location. 

    From 2004 to 2005, firm births numbered  644,122 and deaths numbered 565,745.  Firms with fewer than 500 employees accounted for 78.9 percent of the net employment growth during this period.  See the dynamic data sections of http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/data.html for details.

    Should you need further information, please feel free to contact Brian Headd at (202) 205-6533 or advocacy@sba.gov .

    ** To sign up for Advocacy updates via RSS feed, visit http://www.sba.gov/advo/rsslibrary.html   **

    ** In order to receive e-mail notices of Advocacy's press releases,  monthly newsletter, small business research, statistics, and regulatory news visit http://web.sba.gov/list . **

    -----Original Message-----
    From: Entrepreneurship Division Listserv [mailto:ENTREP@AOMLISTS.pace.edu] On Behalf Of Rob Fairlie
    Sent: Monday, July 14, 2008 3:28 PM
    To: ENTREP@AOMLISTS.pace.edu
    Subject: Re: Local stats on new firm formation?

    An alternative to using business-level data is the Kauffman Index of

    Entrepreneurial Activity.  MSA estimates are reported for the largest

    MSAs and state-level estimates for all states.  The index captures

    the percent of individuals who start a business each month (i.e. a

    dynamic labor force measure), and includes estimates for 2007.  It

    also includes all types of businesses (employer, non-employer,

    incorporated and unincorporated).

    http://www.kauffman.org/items.cfm?itemID=1037

    Rob Fairlie

    At 07:30 AM 7/14/2008, Larry Plummer wrote:

    >Hi Joel,

    >

    >Two items for you:

    >

    >First, you are welcome to the establishment birth data I obtained for my

    >dissertation.  The data are from the LEEM (aka BITS) file.  It covers

    >all US counties from 1990 to 2003 and includes single, multi, and total

    >establishment births and deaths by four digit SIC or five digit NAICS.

    >I'm working right now to update the data to the most recent year

    >available from Census (2006).  The easiest way to get the data is to

    >contact Trey Cole at the Company Statistics Division at the Census

    >Bureau and ask him to send you the tabulations he prepared for me.  The

    >cost should be minimal (Census charges for staff prep time, not the data

    >-- all they have to do is burn a disk for you...I think).

    >

    >Second, I use single establishment births as a proxy for new firm

    >start-ups.  It's not perfect, but it's quite reasonable given the

    >limitations of the Census data.  Also, David Audretsch and Michael

    >Fritsch have a series of papers on good measures of start-up rates.  You

    >have two choices -- dividing single establishment births by the number

    >of existing establishments (as in Armington and Acs) or dividing by the

    >number of workers in the labor force.  The former is an "ecological"

    >measure and the latter is the "labor force" measure.  According to

    >Michael Fritsch, the labor force method has greater explanatory power

    >and is less biased for counties with very small numbers of business

    >establishments (in these cases, the denominator is tiny).

    >

    >For more on all this, see my SBA working paper

    >http://www.sba.gov/advo/research/rs316tot.pdf...

    >

    >See you in Anaheim,

    >

    >LP

    >

    >-----------------------------------------------------

    >Larry Plummer, PhD

    >Assistant Professor of Management

    >(Strategy and Entrepreneurship)

    >Clemson University

    >Department of Management

    >101 Sirrine Hall

    >Clemson, SC  29634

    >864-656-3763 Tel

    >864-656-2015 Fax

    >lplumme@clemson.edu

    >-----------------------------------------------------

    >

    >

    >

    >

    >

    >-----Original Message-----

    >From: Entrepreneurship Division Listserv

    >[mailto:ENTREP@AOMLISTS.pace.edu] On Behalf Of Joel West

    >Sent: Friday, July 11, 2008 3:44 PM

    >To: ENTREP@AOMLISTS.pace.edu

    >Subject: [ENTREP] Local stats on new firm formation?

    >

    >I'm looking for a simple way to measure entrepreneurial activity in a

    >given US location (say a county or an MSA/SMSA). I am looking for a

    >measure that is feasible and has face validity, understanding it will be

    >imperfect.

    >

    >My thinking would be to take the ratio of new business establishments in

    >a year and divide that by the number of existing establishments.

    >However, on the census  bureau QuickFacts (http://quickfacts.census.gov)

    >I can get total establishments but not new ones.

    >

    >Clearly the IRS knows how many EIN's they issue in a given year, or new

    >tax returns they get. (This might neglect unincorporated businesses, but

    >perhaps that can't be helped).

    >

    >One possible source is LEEM (Longitudinal Establishment and Enterprise

    >Microdata) by Acs and Armington mentioned by

    >         http://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/98-9.html

    >         http://ideas.repec.org/p/cen/wpaper/99-18.html

    >It does not appear to be in the databases available at

    >http://www.ces.census.gov

    >

    >However, I did not see it (or anything similar) mentioned in the 2007

    >Kauffman Foundation dataset confab or their main database page

    >

    >         http://www.ssrn.com/link/2007-Kauffman.html

    >http://research.kauffman.org/cwp/appmanager/research/researchDesktop?_nf

    >pb=true&_pageLabel=research_data

    >

    >Any other pointers, suggestions, ideas would be appreciated.

    >

    >Joel

    >--

    >Joel West                 http://www.JoelWest.org/

    >Associate Professor, Innovation & Entrepreneurship

    >College of Business, San Jose State University

    >BT 555, One Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0070

    >

    >**************************************

    >This message is from ENTREP which is sponsored by the Entrepreneurship

    >Division of the Academy of Management.

    >

    >Please do not post messages with attached files. Commercial messages or

    >spammed messages are not allowed on the list.  The use of auto-responder

    >"out-of-office" messages may also lead to your removal from the list.

    >

    >You can manage your subscription options, including joining or leaving

    >the list here:

    >http://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=entrep&A=1

    >

    >If you have questions or need help, please contact Dr. John Bunch

    >jbunch@benedictine.edu.

    >

    >Ventures HO!

    >

    >**************************************

    >This message is from ENTREP which is sponsored by the

    >Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management.

    >

    >Please do not post messages with attached files. Commercial messages

    >or spammed messages are not allowed on the list.  The use of

    >auto-responder "out-of-office" messages may also lead to your

    >removal from the list.

    >

    >You can manage your subscription options, including joining or

    >leaving the list here:

    >http://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=entrep&A=1

    >

    >If you have questions or need help, please contact Dr. John

    >Bunch  jbunch@benedictine.edu.

    >

    >Ventures HO!

    Robert Fairlie

    Professor of Economics and

    Director of M.S. Program in Applied Economics and Finance

    Department of Economics

    Engineering 2 Building

    University of California

    Santa Cruz, CA 95064

    office: 831-459-3332

    fax: 831-459-5077

    http://people.ucsc.edu/~rfairlie/

    **************************************

    This message is from ENTREP which is sponsored by the Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management.

    Please do not post messages with attached files. Commercial messages or spammed messages are not allowed on the list.  The use of auto-responder "out-of-office" messages may also lead to your removal from the list.

    You can manage your subscription options, including joining or leaving the list here:

    http://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=entrep&A=1

    If you have questions or need help, please contact Dr. John Bunch  jbunch@benedictine.edu.

    Ventures HO!

    ************************************** This message is from ENTREP which is sponsored by the Entrepreneurship Division of the Academy of Management. Please do not post messages with attached files. Commercial messages or spammed messages are not allowed on the list. The use of auto-responder "out-of-office" messages may also lead to your removal from the list. You can manage your subscription options, including joining or leaving the list here: http://aomlists.pace.edu/scripts/wa.exe?SUBED1=entrep&A=1 If you have questions or need help, please contact Dr. John Bunch jbunch@benedictine.edu. Ventures HO!