Discussion: View Thread

entrepreneurial ability?

  • 1.  entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-22-2018 14:39
    Edited by System 10-12-2018 08:36
    Hi everyone!
    I have a question on which I'd love feedback from the folks on the listserv. Feel free to reply to the group, or just me. I am happy to compile responses and share.
    Do we, collectively, have any empirical evidence to support the premise that people can grow their entrepreneurial ability? As a researcher and teacher in the field of entrepreneurship, I firmly believe that---with time, effort, and energy---someone can indeed become a better entrepreneur.
    But, is there any evidence to support this assertion? Perhaps a reasonable proxy could be entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) change over time (for which there is already some evidence)...but, are there any data that illustate actual ability changing? If so, I'd be excited to learn: (1) over what time period, and (2) how ability was measured.
    Thoughts?
    Best, Jeff

    Jeff Pollack
    Associate Professor 
    University Faculty Scholar
    Editor- Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice
    Associate Editor- Journal of Business Venturing Insights 


    Management, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Department
    Poole College of Management
    Web: www.jeffreympollack.com




  • 2.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-23-2018 11:18
    You might find this from my MBA thesis (2013) interesting: Gregg Lichtenstein and Thomas Lyons, authors of "Investing in Entrepreneurs" (2010), implemented a large-scale regional coaching program in Central Louisiana, called the Entrepreneurial League System (ELS) of Central Louisiana, the rights of which was privately owned by Collaborative Strategies LLC. The $2.2 million dollar five-year project was funded by The Rapides Foundation, driven by strong correlations between health outcomes and income levels within a community, leading them to believe that "if entrepreneurs could be helped to grow their businesses, create more wealth, and pay higher wages and salaries, then health outcomes would improve." The Entrepreneurial League System had been a work-in-progress for Lichtenstein and Lyons since 1996 having worked with more than 1,500 entrepreneurs on a variety of projects in a variety of settings and having incrementally tested the system throughout. ELS involves assessing the skill level of entrepreneurs within a geographically defined location and the life-cycle stage of their business. This information then allows economic development agencies to deliver specifically targeted programmes with a goal of lifting the skill level of the entrepreneur and moving the business to another stage if need be. The focus of ELS is not on 'more' businesses or jobs but on 'better' businesses or jobs. After determining a clear relationship between entrepreneurial skill and financial performance, they concluded that "the higher the level of entrepreneurial skill, the greater the business assets and wealth that will be created" (Lichtenstein & Lyons, 2010, p. 57). The creator of the Entrepreneurial League System, Dr Gregg Lichtenstein, used the US farm system of professional sports as the base concept for the system and built it upon three key beliefs about entrepreneurship and four dimensions of skill (Investing in Entrepreneurs: A Strategic Approach for Strengthening Your Regional and Community Economy, 2010): Key beliefs: 1. Entrepreneurs are successful to the extent that they have the necessary skills. 2. Entrepreneurs come to entrepreneurship at different levels of skill. 3. Entrepreneurial skills can be developed. Skill dimensions: 1. Technical skills – the ability to perform the key operations of that business. 2. Managerial skills – the ability to organise and efficiently manage the operations. 3. Entrepreneurial skills – the ability to identify market opportunities and create solutions that capture those opportunities. 4. Personal maturity – self-awareness, willingness and ability to accept responsibility, emotional development, and creative ability. The Cenla Advantage Partnership (CAP) concentrated on helping businesses already in the Central Louisiana area. There was a very low presence of professional and business service organisations in the Central Louisiana region in 2006 (Markley & Barkley, 2008) and after nearly three years of operation, CAP was working with 68 entrepreneurs, of which 26 were classed as Rookies, 29 as Single A's and 13 as Double A's. In the four years ending 30 June 2010, 20 or 28% of all active clients had moved up a skill level with two clients moving from Rookie to AA level in two years.

    ------------------------------
    Annette Kendall
    PhD Student/Graduate Assistant
    Agricultural & Applied Economics Program
    University of Missouri
    Columbia MO
    ------------------------------



  • 3.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-23-2018 12:32
    Edited by System 10-12-2018 08:39

    Thanks Annette,

    This is totally fascinating---thanks so much for sharing!

    I love the use of the U.S. farm system model for advancement. 

    Might there be (that you can share) objective criteria (or a rating scale) that are used to evaluate each skill (i.e., Technical skills, Managerial skills, Entrepreneurial skills, Personal maturity)? 

    Thanks again, Jeff


    Jeff Pollack

    Associate Professor 
    University Faculty Scholar
    Editor- Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice
    Associate Editor- Journal of Business Venturing Insights 


    Management, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Department
    Poole College of Management
    E-mail: jmpolla3@ncsu.edu







  • 4.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-28-2018 08:43
    Hi Jeff

    Sorry it's taken me a few days to reply. Re the Entrepreneurial League System and an objective criteria used in evaluation, from the case study I did (back in 2013) I see they have five "entrepreneurial skill levels" however the criteria used for evaluation consist of a number of items including "entrepreneurial skills"...hmm.... I've attached the pdf with the other criteria for your information and below are the references I used.

    Lichtenstein, G. A. (1999). Building Social Capital: A New Strategy for Retaining and Revitalising Inner-City Manufacturers. Margate: Collaborative Strategies.

    Lichtenstein, G. A., & Lyons, T. S. (2010). Investing in Entrepreneurs: A Strategic Approach for Strengthening Your Regional and Community Economy. California: Praeger.

    Lyons, T. S. (2007). The Entrepreneurial League System: Building and Maintaining the Pipeline of Entrepreneurs and Enterprises. Baruch College.

    Markley, D. D., & Barkley, D. D. (2008). Assessment of the Capital Market in Central Louisiana. Rural Center for Rural Entrepreneurship.

    The Rapides Foundation. (2007, Winter). Focus: Economic Development. Health & Well-Being @ Issue .

    Kind regards,
    Annette Kendall

    ------------------------------
    Annette Kendall
    PhD Candidate
    Agricultural & Applied Economics
    University of Missouri
    Columbia MO
    ------------------------------



  • 5.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-28-2018 09:24
    This is great Annette, thanks!!!


    Jeff Pollack
    Associate Professor 
    University Faculty Scholar
    Editor- Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice
    Associate Editor- Journal of Business Venturing Insights 


    Management, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Department
    Poole College of Management
    E-mail: jmpolla3@ncsu.edu










  • 6.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-23-2018 11:18
    Hi Jeff

    Apologies if this posts twice - I seem to be having connection issues this morning.

    You might find this from my MBA thesis (2013) interesting:

    Gregg Lichtenstein and Thomas Lyons, authors of "Investing in Entrepreneurs" (2010), implemented a large-scale regional coaching program in Central Louisiana, called the Entrepreneurial League System (ELS) of Central Louisiana, the rights of which was privately owned by Collaborative Strategies LLC. The $2.2 million dollar five-year project was funded by The Rapides Foundation, driven by strong correlations between health outcomes and income levels within a community, leading them to believe that "if entrepreneurs could be helped to grow their businesses, create more wealth, and pay higher wages and salaries, then health outcomes would improve."

    The Entrepreneurial League System had been a work-in-progress for Lichtenstein and Lyons since 1996 having worked with more than 1,500 entrepreneurs on a variety of projects in a variety of settings and having incrementally tested the system throughout. ELS involves assessing the skill level of entrepreneurs within a geographically defined location and the life-cycle stage of their business. This information then allows economic development agencies to deliver specifically targeted programmes with a goal of lifting the skill level of the entrepreneur and moving the business to another stage if need be. The focus of ELS is not on 'more' businesses or jobs but on 'better' businesses or jobs. After determining a clear relationship between entrepreneurial skill and financial performance, they concluded that "the higher the level of entrepreneurial skill, the greater the business assets and wealth that will be created" (Lichtenstein & Lyons, 2010, p. 57).

    The creator of the Entrepreneurial League System, Dr Gregg Lichtenstein, used the US farm system of professional sports as the base concept for the system and built it upon three key beliefs about entrepreneurship and four dimensions of skill (Investing in Entrepreneurs: A Strategic Approach for Strengthening Your Regional and Community Economy, 2010):
    Key beliefs:
    1. Entrepreneurs are successful to the extent that they have the necessary skills.
    2. Entrepreneurs come to entrepreneurship at different levels of skill.
    3. Entrepreneurial skills can be developed.
    Skill dimensions:
    1. Technical skills – the ability to perform the key operations of that business.
    2. Managerial skills – the ability to organise and efficiently manage the operations.
    3. Entrepreneurial skills – the ability to identify market opportunities and create solutions that capture those opportunities.
    4. Personal maturity – self-awareness, willingness and ability to accept responsibility, emotional development, and creative ability.

    The Cenla Advantage Partnership (CAP) concentrated on helping businesses already in the Central Louisiana area. There was a very low presence of professional and business service organisations in the Central Louisiana region in 2006 (Markley & Barkley, 2008) and after nearly three years of operation, CAP was working with 68 entrepreneurs, of which 26 were classed as Rookies, 29 as Single A's and 13 as Double A's. In the four years ending 30 June 2010, 20 or 28% of all active clients had moved up a skill level with two clients moving from Rookie to AA level in two years.


    ------------------------------
    Annette Kendall
    PhD Student/Graduate Assistant
    Agricultural & Applied Economics Program
    University of Missouri
    Columbia MO
    ------------------------------



  • 7.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-23-2018 12:20

    Hi Jeff,

    Good question. Your suggestion of self-efficacy lends itself toward the entrepreneur's 'inner space' and/or personal qualities, but when you say "become a better entrepreneur" I also began to wonder about dv's that might reflect become 'better', like repeat founding, funding success, increased funding amounts, revenues sooner, profits larger, and so on. Here are a few quick findings in this ballpark... https://knowtro.com/search;q=funding%20entrepreneur;page=1;pageSize=20


    Also, a lot of situational factors may change around the entrepreneur that might make them be, or appear to be, better, such as entrepreneur income, entrepreneur age, entrepreneur family support, knowing entrepreneurs, etc. Here are some quick findings in this area... https://knowtro.com/search;q=entrepreneurial;page=1;pageSize=20


    I know you are well-read in this space and I'm reluctant to add more thoughts when you may have had specific things in mind, but perhaps this will help. Good luck.  


    Sean R. McMahon

    Doherty Emerging Professor of Entrepreneurship

    Elon University

    smcmahon2@elon.edu







  • 8.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-23-2018 12:52
    Edited by System 10-12-2018 08:44
    Thanks Sean, this is intriguing.
    It made me think of areas where we measure ability and can compare individuals.
     
    For example, in sports, we can say that a basketball player for Auburn is a 36% 3-point shooter. Compared to another player, at Alabama, who only shoots 3-pointers at 17%---we know that the player from Auburn has greater ability. Note---I included Auburn vs. Alabama just for fun...and, to see what people say (Lou? Matt?)...
    But, Sean, to your point it is hard to do that in entrepreneurship due to the external factors (e.g., market, regulations, etc).  
      
    You are on a good path, though, mentioning things like repeat founding, funding success, revenue growth, and larger profits.
    Thanks, Jeff
    Jeff Pollack
    Associate Professor 
    University Faculty Scholar
    Editor- Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice
    Associate Editor- Journal of Business Venturing Insights 


    Management, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Department
    Poole College of Management
    E-mail: jmpolla3@ncsu.edu







  • 9.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-23-2018 12:30

    My question is how is ability measured?  Different from skills, knowledge, etc.  Would love to know the answer as it is part of the habitual entrepreneur project on which I am participating


    Barbara Bird

    Professor Emerita

    Kogod School of Business

    American University







  • 10.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-23-2018 13:06
    Edited by System 10-12-2018 08:35
    Hi Barbara,
     
    Yes, that is a core issue...
     
    I've been ruminating on this a bit, but I don't yet have a solution. It seems that "ability" would need to be objective as well as comparable across individuals
     
    I just had a really fun email exchange with Andrew MaxwellAndrew brought up the book, Innovators' DNA (by Dyer, Gregersen, & Christensen, 2011), which proposes the idea that individuals have an innate level of entrepreneurial ability (and, that this ability is normally distributed in the population). What would be really intriguing is if this could be measured---back to your point Barbara. And, is there a way we could show that with time and effort someone's innate ability could be improved? As an educator I know this can happen-we've all (hopefully) seen it in classes and students' improvement in the ability to pitch, etc.
     
    Best, Jeff

    Jeff Pollack
    Associate Professor 
    University Faculty Scholar
    Editor- Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice
    Associate Editor- Journal of Business Venturing Insights 


    Management, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Department
    Poole College of Management
    E-mail: jmpolla3@ncsu.edu







  • 11.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-23-2018 17:38

    Dear Jeff and others:

    If we don't believe we as teachers can enhance our students' ability to be or become successful entrepreneurs, I guess we'd better get out of the business. More pertinently, though, Jeff's question speaks to the importance of our teaching our students not just about entrepreneurship, but to do entrepreneurship – to pursue opportunities and be entrepreneurs. For those who are doing the former (teaching about entrepreneurship) and wishing to change to the latter, Mike Morris of the University of Florida runs a great faculty development program each autumn, The Experiential Classroom.  See http://warrington.ufl.edu/centers/cei/faculty/experiential/ for info.

     

    John W. Mullins, PhD

    Associate Professor of Management Practice

    Marketing and Entrepreneurship

    London Business School

    Sussex Place, Regent's Park

    London NW1 4SA

    United Kingdom

     

    Phone: + 44 (0) 207 000 8161

     

    Web: http://faculty.london.edu/jmullins/

    My latest book: www.TheCustomerFundedBusiness.com

     






  • 12.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-24-2018 16:05

    I suppose it depends upon your definition of "entrepreneurial ability", but there is a large body of literature (much of it in the entrepreneurial education space) demonstrating  the effectiveness of entrepreneurial education.  People have looked at everything from how EE leads to a wide ranging variety of outcomes ranging from opportunity identification to job creation and high-growth firms.  There are many pre and post studies in the literature that address "change" over time.  There are many studies at the macro level and a growing body at the individual level.  Many individual countries and organizations such as Kauffman have conducted research on the effectiveness of their public policy educational programs.   

     

    I believe the real questions are "what is entrepreneurial ability" and "how do we measure it"?  Is it the ability to create new ventures? Maybe entrepreneurial ability is about determining that new venture creation is not a good career choice in which case we might desire fewer start-ups.  Is entrepreneurial ability related to the ability to fail fast and start again?  Is it about the ability to grow high financial performing firms?  Or is it about creating firms that have a high societal value?  Is it about being able to better identify opportunities?  Is it about developing a passion for entrepreneurial activity?  Is entrepreneurial ability about developing an entrepreneurial mindset that might help individuals throughout their life even if they never create a new venture?  If our concern is only with firm performance and survival then I think strategy scholars have competently addressed this topic.   

     

    In my mind this is really where the rubber meets the road.  What matters? And how do determine whether our educational programs develop knowledge, skills, and entrepreneurial ability to meet those goals?  Certainly a change in entrepreneurial SE could be one measure. 

     

    Dawn

     






  • 13.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-24-2018 18:27
    Thanks Dawn and John for your thoughtful posts!!

    I agree, John. We definitely need to make sure that the students with whom we work learn about entrepreneruship as well as actually get involved in doing entrepreneurship.

    And, Dawn, these are great questions! Unfortunately, I don't think we have many answers.

    I keep coming back, in my mind, to the idea that "ability" needs to be objective as well as comparable across individuals.

    In some ways, the literature focused on emotional intelligence (EI) has encountered similar issues in the quest (mostly successful) to develop ability-based measures of EI. 

    Best to all, Jeff


    Jeff Pollack
    Associate Professor 
    University Faculty Scholar
    Editor- Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice
    Associate Editor- Journal of Business Venturing Insights 


    Management, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship Department
    Poole College of Management
    E-mail: jmpolla3@ncsu.edu









  • 14.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-25-2018 16:22

    I am very much struggling with this issue, so thanks to Jeff and others for starting the conversation.

    So in the light of major corporations wanting and needing to be highly entrepreneurial, what are the components of an undergrad program that teaches skills and abilities that are marketable to corporations and also distinct from what the students already learn (or at least could learn) in other business domains? So the answer should not be about applying accounting / leadership / marketing etc in a start-up / new venture / small business context.

    Personally, I think there is a lot of value in teaching e.g. the kinds of life skills that Drexel highlights in their program, as well as learning about how to be resilient in the face of failure, innovate in the small scale, etc. http://drexel.edu/close/academics/courses/

    I am sure there are many other programs like this, but Drexel happens to be the one I came across in my recent search for content. But, how do I frame all of this for someone who wants to see students learn concrete and "hard" skills / abilities that are, like Jeff says, measurable and "objective"? A business model canvas is hardly enough to justify a whole academic program. Again, my personal preference is on the side of valuing entrepreneurship as a social science, but powerful forces seem to be pushing us towards justifying our existence as a professional school / discipline (and some helpful reflections on this point in http://amle.aom.org/content/15/4/649.extract )

    One trend seems to be the focus on design principles in entrepreneurship. This could be something concrete, but then again, how should an entrepreneurial design ability differ from what the various D-schools are already doing?

    Anecdotally, I hear that what employers like Google value are the kids od "soft" skills and can-do attitude that are inherent to most entrepreneurship programs. But what is our answer when we need to describe the optimal program content to someone who is looking for measurable abilities or skills? And I know that I am really not helping answer any of this by posting more questions 😊

    Maija Renko, Ph.D.

    Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship
    The University of Illinois at Chicago

    601 S Morgan, 2215 University Hall, MC 243
    Chicago, IL 60607
    T (312) 413-8237
    maija@uic.edu

     
    PS. For anyone wanting to write a book on this topic, it would be a perfect fit for the Elgar Impact of Entrepreneurship Research series that Norris, Friederike and I are editing.



    ------------------------------
    Maija Renko
    The University of Illinois at Chicago
    ------------------------------



  • 15.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-26-2018 07:29
    Guys

    this is interesting as one element in this measuring then becomes WHEN we measure. Is it one year after graduation, 5 yrs after 10 yrs or when? I can generate a long list of students who were down right poor students and we were so happy when they graduated and left the buildning - but who have gone off after graduation to become really really successful, and who have created ventures, but also taken the businesses they work for to greater futures by being entrepreneurial (creating new, innovating etc), but who were no good as students. They are usually great leaders too. Then I have A-students who had great grades, but became steady plodders, administrators, office rats.

    Cheers

    Malin Brännback
    Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics,
    Professor, Chair of International Business
    D.Sc. (Econ.&Bus.Adm.), B.Sc. (Pharm.)
    Ã…bo Akademi University
    School of Business and Economics
    Fänriksgatan 3, FIN-20500 Åbo Finland
    M:+358-505027020
    E-mail1: malin.brannback@abo.fi
    E-mail2: malinsmac@me.com









  • 16.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-27-2018 16:35
    Hello Maija and AOM-ent,

    I share your excitement around Design Thinking applied to Entrepreneurial Cognition, aka Design Cognition (Garbuio, Lovallo, Dong, Lin, and Tschang, 2018).
    This conversation is my focus of research, after working as a Design Manager with global Accenture consultants and a Knowledge Worker at PwC Australia.

    This article from University of Sydney researchers and others touches on the intersection, in which Australia often leads the way.
    In their tradition of cultural borrowing from Europe and the US, Australians marry Design with Management effectively.

    It's currently published in Academy of Management Learning & Education.  I'm hoping to see more in AMJ.
    Link to "Demystifying the Genius of Entrepreneurship..." http://amle.aom.org/content/17/1/41.abstract

    I plan to conduct interviews this summer to map Design Cognitions in entrepreneurs.
    Looking forward to staying in touch in an ongoing dialogue of interest.

    Cheers,
    Jono

    Jonathan Blackwell, MBA
    Rawls College of Business
    Texas Tech University


    On Sun, Mar 25, 2018 at 3:22 PM, Maija Renko via Academy of Management






  • 17.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-28-2018 09:10
    Thank you for the conversation as well, it has been very insightful and interesting.  I'm a recently minted Ph.D. and have been fascinated by innovation in the context of entrepreneurship based on what I've seen in my 20+ years as a small business owner.  I facilitate classes on entrepreneurship and have found that using hands-on, experiential learning to improve a student's self-efficacy toward innovative work behaviors in an entrepreneurial context is one way to "measure" effectiveness of curriculum - it can also be applied to world of practice. I also wonder if linking entrepreneurial ability to other constructs in different disciplines might also be another way to assess it from a microfoundations perspective.  For example in autonomous learning / learner autonomy,  ability is measured by persistence, resourcefulness, initiative, and desire toward learning (Confessore et al., 1999).  I believe a case could be made that these aspects can also be applied to entrepreneurial ability (e.g., persistence, resourcefulness, imitative, and desire toward an entrepreneurial endeavor).  Entrepreneurship requires the successful blending of hard and soft skills - I tell my students this discipline is the liberal arts of business.  Thanks again for the thread!

    Bruce Watley, Ph.D.

    Director of the Lillibridge Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership & Innovation

    Assistant Professor of Business Administration, Entrepreneurship & Marketing

    University of Sioux Falls | 1101 West 22nd Street | Sioux Falls, SD 57105 | T: 605.331.6707 | F: 605.331.6574

     







  • 18.  RE: entrepreneurial ability?

    Posted 03-25-2018 17:13
    Hi Jeff an colleagues,

    I agree with Dawn when she asks for a definition of "ability".

    Based on best practices of the adult education field, we might see "teaching" as behavioral change:

    Someone can't do something. This person learns (or is taught). Then, he/she can do it.

    If we look backward, people - in a way or another - have always learned stuff.

    For those interested in interdisciplinarity, I've been doing some research linking self-directed learning to entrepreneurship.

    These materials are a great start for scholars and practitioners interested in learning how people learn:


    Regards from Sao Paulo,

    --
    Thiago de Carvalho